Vocabulary

Increasing EAL/D learners’ vocabulary is crucial in developing school literacies and participating in learning activities across the curriculum. EAL/D learners may already have the words to describe a known concept from their prior learning or past experiences. This knowledge can be transferred to English by using translation as a learning process.

Some strategies for translating vocabulary in the classroom include:

• using printed bilingual dictionaries or home language picture dictionaries
• using online translation tools or dictionaries
• creating a ‘translation’ or ‘home language’ column on vocabulary or spelling lists
• displaying multilingual word walls or vocabulary lists in the classroom
• checking translated vocabulary lists with family members, same language peers or Multicultural Education Aides.

Translation alone is not a sufficient strategy to help students learn how to use new vocabulary. Students require ongoing support to infer the meaning of words using contextual clues, and to break words into morphemes and understand how each part relates to the meaning of the word.

Developing translation and vocabulary learning skills and strategies also helps EAL/D students continue to develop their home language and literacy, which in turn supports learning in English. During the translation process, students may notice gaps in their vocabulary, and become aware of the differences of meaning between words and grammatical structures in different languages.

Additional ways of supporting EAL/D students’ vocabulary development include:

• identifying and teaching key vocabulary in context across all subject areas
• providing opportunities to reuse key vocabulary in a range of texts and situations
• providing displays of vocabulary and concepts, with illustrations and/or translations in the classroom. The teacher might need to demonstrate how the students could use the displays in their learning
• explicitly teaching comprehension strategies for inferring and checking the meaning of new words that are encountered in reading, listening and viewing
• playing word games such as I spy, Hangman or Bingo to reinforce vocabulary
• discussing techniques and tools for recording and remembering vocabulary such as Apps or personal dictionaries
• using graphic organisers to classify words into definitions and characteristics, with examples, non-examples and notes in English and/or home languages.

Multilingual graphic organisers, word walls or cognate charts scaffold EAL/D students’ understanding of English words and make other languages visible in school spaces. Students who speak English as a first language may be able to use these strategies with the vocabulary that they are learning in school.

The ‘form, meaning, and use’ (Larsen-Freeman & Celce-Murcia, 2016) model can also be used to help EAL/D learners understand:

• the ‘form’ (the word parts, the spelling, the sound of the word)
• the ‘meaning’ (the concept of the word)
• the ‘use’ (how the word is used in a sentence).

If EAL/D students are literate in their home language, they may include the 'form, meaning and use' model alongside drawings, images or known phonetic symbols to develop their academic vocabulary in both English and their home languages. If a teacher or a support staff shares some of the home languages of the students, they will be able to check students’ translations for accuracy. Otherwise, the teacher can ask students to identify and explain any differences between their languages and English.

Reading

• Recognise that texts are made up of words and groups of words that make meaning (Content description VCELA144)
• Explore the different contribution of words and images to meaning in stories and informative texts (Content description VCELA145)

Speaking and listening

• Understand the use of vocabulary in familiar contexts related to everyday experiences, personal interests and topics taught at school (Content description VCELA167)

Reading

• Identify the parts of a simple sentence that represent ‘What’s happening?’, ‘Who or what is involved?’ and the surrounding circumstances (Content description VCELA178)
• Explore differences in words that represent people, places and things (nouns, including pronouns), happenings and states (verbs), qualities (adjectives) and details such as when, where and how (adverbs) (Content description VCELA179)

Speaking and listening

• Understand the use of vocabulary in everyday contexts as well as a growing number of school contexts, including appropriate use of formal and informal terms of address in different contexts (Content description VCELA202)

Writing

• Recognise and know how to use simple grammatical morphemes in word families (Content description VCELA191)

Reading

• Understand that nouns represent people, places, things and ideas and include common, proper, concrete or abstract, and that noun groups/phrases can be expanded using articles and adjectives (Content description VCELA216)
• Learn some generalisations for adding suffixes to words (Content description VCELA217)
• Analyse how different texts use nouns to represent people, places, things and ideas in particular ways (Content description VCELY223)

Speaking and listening

• Understand the use of vocabulary about familiar and new topics and experiment with and begin to make conscious choices of vocabulary to suit audience and purpose (Content description VCELA237)

Writing

• Understand how texts are made cohesive by the use of resources, including word associations, synonyms, and antonyms (Content description VCELA224)

Reading

• Recognise most high-frequency words, know how to use common prefixes and suffixes, and know some homophones and generalisations for adding a suffix to a base word (Content description VCELA250)

Speaking and Listening

• Learn extended and technical vocabulary and ways of expressing opinion including modal verbs and adverbs (Content description VCELA273)

Writing

• Understand that verbs represent different processes (doing, thinking, saying, and relating) and that these processes are anchored in time through tense (Content description VCELA262)

Reading

• Read different types of texts for specific purposes by combining phonic, semantic, contextual and grammatical knowledge using text processing strategies, including monitoring meaning, skimming, scanning and reviewing (Content description VCELY287)

Writing

• Incorporate new vocabulary from a range of sources, including vocabulary encountered in research, into own texts (Content description VCELA293)
• Recognise homophones and know how to use context to identify correct spelling (Content description VCELA296)

Reading

• Understand how to use banks of known words, syllabification, spelling patterns, word origins, base words, prefixes and suffixes, to spell new words, including some uncommon plurals (Content description VCELA312)

Writing

• Understand the use of vocabulary to express greater precision of meaning, and know that words can have different meanings in different contexts (Content description VCELA325)

Reading

• Investigate how vocabulary choices, including evaluative language can express shades of meaning, feeling and opinion (Content description VCELA325)

Writing

• Understand how ideas can be expanded and sharpened through careful choice of verbs, elaborated tenses and a range of adverb groups/phrases (Content description VCELA351)
• Investigate how vocabulary choices, including evaluative language can express shades of meaning, feeling and opinion (Content description VCELA352)
• Understand how to use banks of known words, word origins, base words, prefixes, suffixes, spelling patterns and generalisations to spell new words, including technical words and words adopted from other languages (Content description VCELA354)

Speaking and listening
Level A1

• Understand that texts are meaningful (VCEALA035)
• Recognise some familiar words in context (VCEALL048)
• Recognise and use words from lexical sets related to immediate communicative need, interest or experience (VCEALL026)
  

Level A2

• Recognise a small range of familiar words in different contexts (VCEALL129)
• Use words learnt from a range of classroom and social contexts (VCEALL108)

Reading and viewing
Level A1

• Select books to look at or read independently (VCEALA038)
• Use simple dictionaries and word charts (VCEALA040)
• Rely on content words to understand the main idea in a text (VCEALL045)
• Recognise familiar words and phrases (VCEALL046)

Level A2 

• Understand how different types of images in texts contribute to meaning (VCEALA116)
• Select suitable books to read (VCEALA120)
• Locate words in a bilingual dictionary or in class word lists (VCEALA121)
• Focus on both content and functional words to understand the main idea in a text (VCEALL126)
• Use developing knowledge of English to predict some words or phrases (VCEALL127)

Writing
Level A1 

• Write some high-frequency words related to personal experience and school context (VCEALL076)
• Contribute ideas, words or sentences to a class or group shared story (VCEALA062)
• Clarify the meaning of a word in home language and ask for the word to be written so it can be copied (VCEALA066)

Level A2 

• Use high-frequency words encountered in classroom activities (VCEALL155)
• Use some curriculum or content area vocabulary (VCEALL156)
• Contribute to shared writing activities (VCEALA142)
• Use a range of resources to find words or phrases for own writing (VCEALA146)
  

Speaking and listening
Level BL

• Use words from sets related to immediate communicative need, interest or experience (VCEALL180)

Level B1

• Use learnt words in speech (VCEALL260)
• Use the most basic forms of modality (VCEALL257)

Level B2

• Use, in speech, vocabulary and structures learnt from spoken and written texts (VCEALL341)
  
• Use simple forms of modality (VCEALL338)

Level B3

• Employ a range of vocabulary to convey shades of meaning (VCEALL421)
• Understand how modal verbs express probability and possibility (VCEALL418)

Reading and viewing
Level BL

• Use simple dictionaries and word charts (VCEALA196)
• Sequence words to make simple sentences (VCEALL203)
• Use simple present and past tense verb forms to talk about ongoing, current and past actions (VCEALL204)
• Use some high-frequency adjective–noun and verb–adverb combinations (VCEALL205)
• Recognise some common words or phrases (VCEALL206)
• Build a vocabulary that draws on words of interest, learnt words and sight words (VCEALL207)

Level B1

• Experiment with using a picture or simple English dictionary and/or a home language–English bilingual dictionary to find words (VCEALA276)
• Read sentences that use basic subject, verb and object patterns, where content and vocabulary are familiar (VCEALL283)
• Identify simple present and past tense verbs (VCEALL284)
• Use knowledge of base words to read new forms (VCEALL285)
• Read some familiar words and phrases (VCEALL286)
• Build a vocabulary that draws on words of interest, topic words and sight words (VCEALL287)

Level B2

• Use a simple English dictionary or class word list to find words, and/or check home language–English bilingual dictionary for meanings (VCEALA357)
• Read texts that contain compound and complex sentences (VCEALL364)
• Use knowledge of simple tense and negation to interpret the meaning of written text (VCEALL365)
• Use knowledge of sentence structure to predict words or self-correct (VCEALL366)
• Read some common words or familiar phrases (VCEALL367)

Level B3

• Use an accessible English dictionary to check the meaning of new words, and/or check meanings in a home language–English bilingual dictionary (VCEALA436)
• Follow the meaning of complex sentence patterns (VCEALL443)
• Interpret the meaning of written text that uses a range of tenses and negation (VCEALL444)
• Use knowledge of sentence structure to predict words and self-correct (VCEALL445)
• Use knowledge of sentence structure and content to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words (VCEALL446)

Writing
Level BL

• Rely on memorisation and/or home language to retrieve new words and structures (VCEALA224)
• Use topic-specific vocabulary encountered in classroom activities (VCEALL235)
• Use basic descriptive words (VCEALL232)
• Build a vocabulary that draws on words of interest, learnt words and sight words (VCEALL287)
• Use high-frequency words accurately, although sometimes repetitively (VCEALL234)
  

Level B1

• Employ a range of strategies to understand new or unknown words (VCEALA304)
• Incorporate learnt vocabulary into writing (VCEALL315)
• Use a small range of simple descriptive phrases (VCEALL312)
• Build a vocabulary that draws on words of interest, topic words and sight words (VCEALL287)
• Use formulaic structures (VCEALL314)
  

Level B2

• Employ a range of strategies to understand and learn unknown words (VCEALA384)
• Use modelled vocabulary appropriately (VCEALL395)
• Use simple extended descriptive phrases (VCEALL392)
• Select some descriptive vocabulary appropriate to context (VCEALL396)
• Use a varied and appropriate vocabulary (VCEALL394)
  

Level B3 

• Employ a range of strategies to expand vocabulary (VCEALA463)
• Use a range of key vocabulary appropriately (VCEALL474)
• Write using extended descriptive phrases (VCEALL471)
• Create mood and feeling through the selection of appropriate vocabulary and idiom (VCEALL475)
• Use some antonyms and synonyms (VCEALL473)
  

Words are categorised into grammatical forms or word classes including the commonly known nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as determiners, prepositions, conjunctions. Different word classes have different functions in terms of their grammar (including morphology, and syntax).

Students need to develop understandings of different types of words, as part of their metalinguistic awareness (knowing how language and literacy works, and the words that describe these phenomena).

When introducing vocabulary it is crucial for students to know the type (or class) of word it is. If ever students are unsure, they can be encouraged to check a paper or online dictionary, which will always provide the word class in the listing.

Below is a table which summarises each word class (or form), including their function, examples, and any inflectional or derivational morphemes that attach to these.

When using personal dictionaries (where new vocabulary is added progressively as students learn new words), students should be encouraged to record the word type in their entries. Adding an example sentence can also be useful. These strategies help develop students' independence in their understanding and use of new vocabulary.

Morphology is the study of words and their parts. Morphemes (like prefixes, suffixes, and base words) are defined as the smallest meaningful units of meaning.

All words can be broken down into their morphemes:

Other examples of words with multiple morphemes are: roll+er driv+ing under+stand+able class+ic+al

Morphemes are important for vocabulary, as well as phonics (reading and spelling) and comprehension. Teaching morphemes is useful because they help to analyse the parts of words, often have a consistent purpose and/or meaning, and are often spelt the same across different words (even when the sound changes).

For more information, see: Word morphology

Teaching vocabulary is also about how words relate to other words. Semantics is the study of word meanings, and includes semantic relationships (how words are related to other words).

Here are some examples of types of word/semantic relationships:

• Categories
• Antonyms
• Synonyms
• Connotations
• Homophones & Homographs
• Homonyms (words with Multiple Meanings)

The most effective way to teach vocabulary is to show how new words relate to other words, especially ones that students already know. It is important to explicitly teach the relationships between words.

For more information about word/semantic relationships, including Categories, Antonyms, Synonyms, Connotations, Homophones & Homographs, see: Word/Semantic Relationships (docx - 233.6kb)

Choosing Words to Teach - Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3

Vocabulary Words that we explicitly teach should also be as functional as possible, so that students have multiple opportunities to comprehend and use these words. Beck and McKeown (1985) have categorised words according to three Vocabulary Tiers:

For more information, see: Choosing Words to Teach - Tier 1, 2, 3 Vocabulary (docx - 209.43kb)

The origins of words and morphemes, and their meanings, is a crucial part of exploring the richness of vocabulary, and how words connect with one another.